探讨砂仁及鸡血藤之水萃物对肠道健康及功能的影响

研究透过仓鼠的体内试验,探讨砂仁(Amomifructus)及鸡血藤(Millettiareticulata)之水萃物对肠道酵素(如:麦芽糖酶及蔗糖酶)、粪便细菌酵素(如:b-葡萄糖酶、b-葡萄糖醛酸酶、黏液素酶及尿素酶等)及盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸之影响,藉此评估此2种水萃物对肠道健康调节及改善的评估。由实验分析结果得知,水萃物对肠道酵素并无显著差异,但可明显增加粪便的含水量及缩短肠道通过时间,因此可减少有毒物质之产生和吸收,预防肠道产生一些特殊疾病。此外,相较于控制组下,一方面此2种中草药水萃物对b-葡萄糖酶、b-葡萄糖醛酸酶、黏液素酶与尿素酶活性呈现不同程度的降低效果;另一方面,此2种水萃物明显可提高盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸的含量,尤以鸡血藤最为显著。综合分析结果,0.5%中草药水萃物透过降低仓鼠肠道中有害微生物的代谢活性,及促进有益菌的产生而提高发酵能力,藉此而有助于促进肠道健康。     

Magnesium deficiency–induced impairment of photosynthesis in leaves of fruiting Citrus reticulata trees accompanied by up‐regulation of antioxidant metabolism to avoid photo‐oxidative damage

Limited data are available on the physiological responses of leaves from fruiting trees to magnesium (Mg) deficiency. Magnesium deficiency–induced effects on photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in leaves of fruiting (Citrus reticulate cv. Ponkan) trees were assessed by the chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transient. Magnesium deficiency decreased leaf CO₂ assimilation and carbohydrates, but had no effect on intercellular CO₂ concentration. Activity of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and concentrations of Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) decreased to a lesser extent than CO₂ assimilation. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient from Mg‐deficient leaves had increased O step and decreased P step, accompanied by positive ΔL, ΔK, ΔJ, and ΔI bands. Magnesium deficiency decreased maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (F_v/F_m), quantum yield of electron transport from Q<$>_A^‐<$> to the photosystem I (PSI) end electron acceptors (φ_R0), maximum amplitude of IP phase and total performance index (PI_{tot, abs}), but increased deactiviation of oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC) and energy dissipation. Magnesium‐deficient leaves had higher or similar activities of antioxidant enzymes except for lower catalase (CAT) activity, higher or similar concentrations of antioxidant metabolites, and a higher ratio of Car : Chl. Magnesium‐deficiency did not affect concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ratios of ascorbate (ASC) to ASC + dehydroascorbate (DHA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) to GSH + oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In conclusion, Mg deficiency–induced impairment of the whole photosynthetic electron transport chain may be the main factor contributing to decreased CO₂ assimilation. Enhanced energy dissipation and antioxidant metabolism provide sufficient protection to Mg‐deficient leaves against photo‐oxidative damage.     

Estimation of the mode of inheritance of thermal tolerance in the guppy <Emphasis Type="Italic">Poecilia reticulata</Emphasis>

High water temperature influences the survival, growth, and maturation of fish. Genetically characterizing thermal tolerance is one of the most important subjects in fish culture. To identify the genetic characterization of thermal tolerance, this characteristic was compared among strains, and among parents and their offspring, in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. In the strain comparison, significant differences in survival rate were observed among the five strains examined, and between females and males. Females exhibited greater tolerance than males in four of five strains examined. In the comparison between parents and their offspring, stronger influence of female parent than of male parent was observed. Offspring obtained from surviving females exhibited greater tolerance than those from dead females. This tendency was typically observed in male offspring. The survival rate in male offspring obtained from dead female parents was lower than that of those from surviving females. The high-temperature tolerance of male parents did not influence this characteristic in offspring as strongly as that of female parents. These results suggest that the major gene or genes, which has a dominant resistant allele and a recessive sensitive allele, are probably passed on by sex-linked inheritance, located on the X chromosome.     

Classification of guppies’ (Poecilia reticulata) gender by computer vision

Labor costs of guppy growers and breeders are largely those of manual sorting (by strain, quality and gender) and counting fish. In most farms, female and male fish are grown together and sold either separately or together. Sorting fish according to gender is important for marketing as well as for breeding programs, so that a device for sorting and counting fish can potentially reduce production costs and improve quality.

A project aiming to develop sorting and counting technologies for ornamental fish growers included development and testing of image-processing algorithms for sorting guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) by gender. The algorithms are derived from shape and color differences between female and male guppies. An algorithm for the determination of landmarks on fish contours was developed and found to be accurate in accordance with human judgment, enabling extraction of specific shape and color features of the tail and the body.

The algorithms were applied to three sets of images of guppies of the “Red-Blond” strain. Gender identification accuracy was approximately 90% using shape features, approximately 96% using color features and was slightly improved when both color and shape features were used.

Some of the components used are essential for future development of a computer vision based system for sorting and grading ornamental fish by strain and quality.     

春见桔橙耐贮性及理化性状变化研究

为了确定春见橘橙的最佳销售时期,提高经济效益,将春见橘橙[(Citrus reticulata×C. sinensis)cv.Okitsu No. 44]果实采收后常温贮藏135天,对储藏期的果实单果重、果皮厚度、果汁率,可溶性固形物、酸含量、固酸比、糖酸比,腐果率、果实病害类型等变化规律进行研究.结果表明:春见橘橙贮藏性能较好;糖含量在贮藏75天内呈上升趋势,75天后开始缓慢下降;贮藏90天后单果重较显著下降;可食率和果汁率在贮藏90天内呈上升趋势,随后逐渐呈下降趋势;贮藏期间腐果率呈幂函数变化;青绿霉病是引起果实腐烂的主要病害.贮藏前期(45天)含酸量的大幅降低是导致糖酸比值和固酸比值升高、品质提升的最主要原因;贮藏45天后是较为适宜的食用时期;春见橘橙在采收时并未进入真正的成熟期,翌年1月中旬真正成熟.     

盐胁迫对柚、福橘种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过水培和沙培试验,研究了盐胁迫对柚、橘种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:(1)20-40mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫不影响坪山柚和福橘种子萌发率、芽及胚根生长,但发芽时间延长.(2)NaCl浓度≥60mmol·L-1,显著降低坪山柚和福橘种子萌发率、芽及胚根长度,种子相对盐害率显著升高;相同浓度NaCl胁迫,坪山柚种子相对盐害率低于福橘,芽及胚根受抑制程度比福橘低.(3)NaCl浓度≥80mmol·L-1,坪山柚和福橘幼苗株高、叶面积、地上部干重、根部干重和根冠比(坪山柚根冠比在NaCl浓度为120mmol·L-1时)显著下降;同一浓度NaCl胁迫,坪山柚幼苗生长受抑制程度比福橘小.(4)坪山柚地上部及根部较低的Na+和Cl-含量及保持较高的根冠比是坪山柚幼苗耐盐胁迫的主要原因.     

双胍盐对柑桔青霉病防治效果试验

两年的抑菌、刻伤接种和果实贮藏试验表明,双胍盐对柑桔青霉病的防治效果与伊迈唑相接近,可作为苯并咪唑类的替换药剂。     

提高柑桔品质的研究——Ⅱ.影响温州蜜柑品质的主要因子

通过连续3年对湖南省温州蜜柑主要产区果实品质以及有关树体、土壤和气候条件等方面29个影响因子的调查和分析测定。采用通径分析方法,找出了影响温州蜜柑品质的5个主要因子是叶片氮、磷、钾含量,土壤交换钙含量和土壤pH 值.以此为依据,就上述因子对果实品质的影响进行进一步分析后发现,叶片含氮量与果实可溶性固形物,叶片含磷量与果实含酸量均呈显著负相关;叶片含钾量与单果重和果实含酸量,土壤交换钙与果实可溶性固形物均呈显著正相关;土壤pH 值与各单项品质指标间无显著相关性,可能以间接影响为主.同时,通过比较优质高产桔园和品质较差桔园的叶片养分含量,提出了叶片氮、磷、钾营养诊断的适量标准.     

温州蜜柑叶片与座果关系初探

通过连续2年的田间调查及人工摘叶试验表明,温州蜜柑叶片与痤果密切相关,老、新叶片的比例在1:1～1.5:1之间,有利于丰产稳产,并通过老、新叶片净光合率的测定和比较,从营养的角度初步讨论了温州蜜柑叶片和座果的关系。     

福桔新生(系)的选育研究初报

以柚子为父本,选择福桔优良单株为母本进行杂交,培育珠心苗进行福桔的品种提纯复壮。运用高接换种的方法可使珠心苗提早2~3 a开花结果,缩短童期,并保持了福橘优良性状,显著地提高了品质。对珠心苗高接植株多年观察及品质鉴定,认为珠心胚植株在品质上表现较大差异。选出优良福桔珠心系“新农1号”、“新农2号”和“新农3号”3个株系,其中新农1号株系可溶性固形物达14.2%,单果种子数仅8粒,单果重118 g,具有丰产、果大、色艳、种子少、可溶性固形物高等优良性状。